Testing the effectiveness of vannamei shrimp shell chitosan extraction with variations of organic acids in the demineralization stage
Pengujian Efektivitas Ekstraksi Kitosan Kulit Udang Vannamei dengan Variasi Jenis Asam Organik dalam Tahapan Demineralisasi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33061/jitipari.v10i1.11536Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin, commonly found in the shells of crustacean animals. The production of chitosan involves several stages: deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation, which require the use of acidic and alkaline solutions. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various types of organic acids and a natural acid source, Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi fruit) extract, in the chitosan extraction process from Vannamei shrimp shells. The study employed a completely randomized design with a single factor consisting of four acid treatments: acetic acid (AA), citric acid (CA), lactic acid (LA), and bilimbi fruit extract (BE), each replicated three times. The chitosan obtained from each treatment was analyzed for its chemical characteristics and mineral content, and the results were further analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The best results were obtained from the citric acid treatment, which produced chitosan with a moisture content of 6.59%, a degree of deacetylation of 91.72%, ash content of 2.68%, and magnesium and calcium contents of 2.56 mg/100g and 0.15 mg/100g (dry basis), respectively. In contrast, the bilimbi extract treatment resulted in an ash content of 41.64%, with magnesium and calcium contents of 1456.52 mg/100g and 4.17 mg/100g (dry basis), indicating that the bilimbi fruit extract still has low demineralization effectiveness.
References
Alfarizy, W. (2020). Analisis kontribusi dan daya saing ekspor sektor perikanan provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. JFMR-Journal of Fisheries and Marine Research, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jfmr.2020.004.01.7
Ardianto, R., & Amalia, R. (2023). Optimasi proses deasetilasi kitin menjadi kitosan dari selongsong maggot menggunakan RSM. Metana, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.14710/metana.v19i1.50480
Aseptianova, A., & Yuliany, E. H. (2020). Penyuluhan manfaat belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) sebagai tanaman kesehatan di kelurahan kebun bunga, kecamatan Sukarami, Palembang. Abdihaz: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.32663/abdihaz.v2i2.910
Azhary, K. (2025). Penggunaan asam sitrat sebagai reagen alami dalam proses demineralisasi cangkang simping (Amusium pleuronectes) untuk sintesis kitosan. Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia.
Billa, Z., Fitriyati, L., & Kiromah, N. Z. W. (2023). Uji aktivitas antioksidan kitosan dari cangkang yutuk (Emerita sp) menggunakan metode abts (2,2 Azinobis (3-Etilbenzotiazolin)-6-Asam Sulfonat). Usadha Journal of Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.23917/ujp.v2i4.168
Cahyono, E. (2018). Karakteristik kitosan dari limbah cangkang udang windu (Panaeus monodon). Akuatika Indonesia, 3(2), 96. https://doi.org/10.24198/jaki.v3i2.23395
Chik, C. E. N. C. E., Kamaruzzan, A. S., Rahim, A. I. A., Lananan, F., Endut, A., Aslamyah, S., & Kasan, N. A. (2023). Extraction and characterization of litopenaeus vannamei’s shell as potential sources of chitosan biopolymers. Journal of Renewable Materials, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2023.022755
El-araby, A., El Ghadraoui, L., & Errachidi, F. (2022). Physicochemical properties and functional characteristics of ecologically extracted shrimp chitosans with different organic acids during demineralization step. Molecules, 27(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238285
Fatimah, L. N. (2012). Kitosan dari kulit udang sebagai bahan pengawet tahu. Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, 12–41.
Fernianti, D., Juniar, H., & Dwiayu, N. (2020). Pengaruh massa ossein dan waktu ekstraksi gelatin dari tulang ikan tenggiri dengan perendaman asam sitrat belimbing wuluh. Jurnal Distilasi, 5(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.32502/jd.v5i2.3027
Hajijah, H., ZA, N., Suryati, S., Meriatna, M., & Sulhatun, S. (2023). Pengaruh konsentrasi pelarut asam sitrat dan suhu pada tahap demineralisasi terhadap karakteristik kitosan dari limbah kulit udang vannamei (Litopeneus vannamei). Chemical Engineering Journal Storage (CEJS), 3(4), 517. https://doi.org/10.29103/cejs.v3i4.11116
Hamama R. (2022). Ekstraksi gelatin halal dari limbah sisik ikan dengan menggunakan pelarut asam sitrat belimbing wuluh. Braz Dent J., 33(1).
Handoko, P. & Fajaryanti. (2016). Seminar Nasional X Pendidikan Biologi FKIP UNS Seminar Nasional X Pendidikan Biologi FKIP UNS. Biologi, Sains, Lingkungan Dan Pembelajarannya, 2000, 1–5.
Hosney, A., Ullah, S., & Barčauskaitė, K. (2022). A review of the chemical extraction of chitosan from shrimp wastes and prediction of factors affecting chitosan yield by using an artificial neural network. In Marine Drugs, 20(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/md20110675
Iber, B. T., Kasan, N. A., Torsabo, D., & Omuwa, J. W. (2022). A review of various sources of chitin and chitosan in nature. In Journal of Renewable Materials, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.32604/JRM.2022.018142
Ja’alni, Q. (2021). Membandingkan jumlah leukosit dengan penggunaan perasan jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) 1% sebagai pengganti asam asetat glasial. Universitas Perintis Indonesia.
Jannah, R., Suryati, S., Masrullita, M., Sulhatun, S., Ishak, I., & Ulfa, R. (2023). Pembuatan saus cabai menggunakan bahan pengawet alami kitosan. Chemical Engineering Journal Storage (CEJS), 3(1). https://doi.org/10.29103/cejs.v3i1.9129
Karina, I., Fadli, A., & Drastinawati, D. (n.d.). Kinetika reaksi demineralisasi pada isolasi kitin dari limbah cangkang udang industri ebi. Riau University.
Kilkoda, A. K., Kelsaba, A. B., & Mahulette, A. S. (2024). Karakteristik morfologi tanaman salak (Salacca zalacca gaertn. voss.) di Negeri Mamala Kecamatan Leihitu Kabupaten Maluku Tengah. AGROLOGIA: Jurnal Ilmu Budidaya Tanaman, 13(1), 24–36.
Lima, V. L. A. G. De, MÉLO, E. D. E. A., & SANTOS LIMA, L. D. O. S. (2001). Physicochemical characteristics of bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 23, 421–423.
Liu, H., Bu, Y., Sanjayan, J., & Shen, Z. (2015). Effects of chitosan treatment on strength and thickening properties of oil well cement. Construction and Building Materials, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.047
Luthfiyana, N., Ratrinia, P. W., & Hidayat, T. (2022). Optimasi Tahap deminarilisasi pada ekstraksi kitosan dari cangkang kepiting bakau (Scylla sp.) Jphpi 2022, 25.
Luthfiyana, N., Ratrinia, P. W., Rukisah, R., Asniar, A., & Hidayat, T. (2022). Optimasi tahap demineralisasi pada ekstraksi kitosan dari cangkang kepiting bakau (Scylla sp.). Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 25(2). https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v25i2.41853
Modaso, R., Suryanto, E., Tallei, T., & Rumengan, I. F. . (2013). The yield, nitrogen content, and dye’s binding capacity of chitin and chitosan of rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis. AQUATIC SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT. https://doi.org/10.35800/jasm.0.0.2013.2286
Muhlis, H., Pradana, A. D., & Leoanggraini, U. (2021). Pemurnian kitosan hasil fermentasi limbah cangkang kepiting menggunakan pelarut asam asetat. Fluida, 14(2), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.35313/fluida.v14i2.3097
Namakule, M. Y., Mahulette, A. S., & Matatula, A. J. (2024). Keragaman morfologi cengkih tuni (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Di Kecamatan Tehoru, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah, Provinsi Maluku. Agro Wiralodra, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.31943/agrowiralodra.v7i1.103
Nurshodiq, M. R. (2022). Aplikasi kitosan sebagai antimikroba pada cangkang kapsul berbasis karagenan dari rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii. Inovasi Pembangunan : Jurnal Kelitbangan, 10(01). https://doi.org/10.35450/jip.v10i01.229
Purwanti, A., Sulistyaningsih, E., Alika, K., Indradi, S., Saraswaty, C., & Bunganaen, P. (2021). Pembuatan kitosan dari kulit udang dengan ekstraksi menggunakan microwave. Teknologi Industri Dan Informasi, 2021(November), 29–034.
Rahma, I. N., & Budiati, T. (2024). Pengaruh kehalusan bahan terhadap karakteristik fisik dan kimia kitosan dari limbah black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). JOFE: Journal of Food Engineering, 3(3), 116–124.
Setha, B.; Rumata, F.; Sillaban, B. (2019). Karakteristik kitosan dari kulit udang vaname dengan menggunakan suhu dan waktu yang berbeda dalam proses deasetilasi. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 22(3), 498–507.
Silalahi, A. M., Fadholah, A., & Artanti, L. O. (2020). Isolasi dan identifikasi kitin dan kitosan dari cangkang susuh kura (Sulcospira testudinaria). Pharmaceutical Journal of Islamic Pharmacy, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.21111/pharmasipha.v4i1.4963
Tolaimate, A., Desbrieres, J., Rhazi, M., & Alagui, A. (2003). Contribution to the preparation of chitins and chitosans with controlled physico-chemical properties. Polymer, 44(26). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2003.10.025
Widyastuti, W. (2023). Perbandingan karakteristik dan kualitas kitosan dari kulit udang jerbung (Penaeus merguiensis De Man) Dan udang windu (Penaeus monodon Fabricius). SITAWA : Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Obat Tradisional, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.62018/sitawa.v2i1.24
Zahiruddin, W., Ariesta, A., & Salamah, E. (2008). Karakteristik mutu dan kelarutan kitosan dari amas silase kepala udang windu (Penaeus monodon). Buletin Teknologi Hasil Perikanan, 2(11).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Kartika Gemma Pravitri, Muhammad Nizhar Naufali, Arbi Hidayatullah

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can separately make additional contractual arrangements for non-exclusive distribution published by the journal (e.g., publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to send their work via online (e.g., in the institutional repositories or their website) after published by the journal.


